Facts You Should Know About the Holocaust

The Holocaust is one of the most notorious acts of genocide in modern history. The many atrocities committed by Nazi Germany before and during World War II destroyed millions of lives and permanently altered the face of Europe.   Holocaust Key Terms Holocaust: From the Greek word holokauston, meaning sacrifice by fire. It refers to the Nazi persecution and planned slaughter of the Jewish people and others considered inferior to true Germans.Shoah: A Hebrew word meaning devastation, ruin or waste, also used to refer to the Holocaust.Nazi: German acronym standing for Nationalsozialistishe Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party).Final Solution: Nazi term referring to their plan to exterminate the Jewish people.Kristallnacht: Literally Crystal Night or The Night of Broken Glass, refers to the night of November 9-10, 1938 when thousands of synagogues and Jewish-owned homes and businesses in Austria and Germany were attacked.Concentration Camps: Although we use the blanket term Concentration Camps there were actually a number of different types of camps, with different purposes. These included extermination camps, labor camps, prisoner-of-war camps, and transit camps. Introduction to the Holocaust Adolf Hitler, chancellor of Germany, is welcomed by supporters at Nuremberg in 1933. Hulton Archive/Stringer/Getty Images   The Holocaust began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany and ended in 1945 when the Nazis were defeated by the Allied powers. The term Holocaust is derived from the Greek word holokauston, which means sacrifice by fire. It refers to the Nazi persecution and planned slaughter of the Jewish people and others considered inferior to true Germans. The Hebrew word Shoah, which means devastation, ruin or waste, also refers to this genocide. In addition to Jews, the Nazis targeted the Roma, gays, Jehovahs Witnesses, and the disabled for persecution. Those who resisted the Nazis were sent to forced labor camps or murdered. The word Nazi is a German acronym for Nationalsozialistishe Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party). The Nazis sometimes used the term Final Solution to refer to their plan to exterminate the Jewish people, although the origins of this are unclear, according to historians. Death Toll According to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, up to 17 million people were killed during the Holocaust, but no single document exists recording the total number. Six million of these were Jews—approximately two-thirds of all Jews living in Europe. An estimated 1.1 million children died in the Holocaust. Number of Holocaust Deaths The following statistics are from the U.S. National Holocaust Museum. As more information and records are uncovered, it is likely that these numbers will change. All numbers are approximate.6 million Jews5.7 million Soviet civilians (an additional 1.3 Soviet Jewish civilians are included in the 6 million figure for Jews)3 million Soviet prisoners of war (including about 50,000 Jewish soldiers)1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jewish)312,000 Serb civiliansUp to 250,000 people with disabilities196,000 to 220,000 Roma1,900 Jehovahs WitnessesAt least 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and asocialsAn undetermined number of German political opponents and activists.Hundreds or thousands of gays and lesbians (might be included in the possibly also 70,000 repeat criminal offenders and asocials number above). The Beginning of the Holocaust On April 1, 1933, the Nazis instigated their first action against German Jews by announcing a boycott of all Jewish-run businesses. The Nuremberg Laws, issued on Sept. 15, 1935, was designed to exclude Jews from public life. The Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited marriages and extramarital sex between Jews and Gentiles. These measures set the legal precedent for anti-Jewish legislation that followed. Nazis issued numerous anti-Jewish laws over the next several years. Jews were banned from public parks, fired from civil service jobs, and forced to register their property. Other laws barred Jewish doctors from treating anyone other than Jewish patients, expelled Jewish children from public schools, and placed severe travel restrictions on Jews. Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Shattered fronts of Jewish-owned stores in Berlin after Kristallnacht. Bettmann/Getty Images   Overnight on November 9 and 10, 1938, the Nazis incited a pogrom against Jews in Austria and Germany called  Kristallnacht  (Night of Broken Glass, or literally translated from German, Crystal Night). This included the pillaging and burning of synagogues, the breaking of windows of Jewish-owned businesses and the looting of those stores. In the morning, broken glass littered the ground. Many Jews were physically attacked or harassed, and approximately 30,000 were arrested and sent to concentration camps. After World War II started in 1939, the Nazis ordered Jews to wear a yellow Star of David on their clothing so they could be easily recognized and targeted. Gays and lesbians were similarly targeted and forced to wear pink triangles. Jewish Ghettos The Lublin Ghetto in Poland. Bettmann/Getty Images After the beginning of World War II, Nazis began ordering all Jews to live in small, segregated areas of big cities, called ghettos. Jews were forced out of their homes and moved into smaller dwellings, often shared with one or more other families. Some ghettos were initially open, which meant that Jews could leave the area during the daytime but had to be back by a curfew. Later, all ghettos became closed, meaning that Jews were not allowed to leave under any circumstances. Major ghettos were located in the cities of Polish cities of Bialystok, Lodz, and Warsaw. Other ghettos were found in present-day Minsk, Belarus; Riga, Latvia; and Vilna, Lithuania. The largest ghetto was in Warsaw. At its peak in March 1941, some 445,000 were crammed into an area just 1.3 square miles in size. Regulating and Liquidating the Ghettos In most ghettos, Nazis ordered the Jews to establish a Judenrat (Jewish council) to administer Nazi demands and to regulate the internal life of the ghetto. The Nazis routinely ordered deportations from the ghettos. In some of the large ghettos, 1,000 people per day were sent by rail to concentration and extermination camps. To get them to cooperate, the Nazis told the Jews they were being transported elsewhere for labor. As the tide of World War II turned against the Nazis, they began a systematic plan to eliminate or liquidate the ghettos they had established, by a combination of mass murder on the spot and transferring the remaining residents to extermination camps. When the Nazis attempted to liquidate the Warsaw Ghetto on April 13, 1943, the remaining Jews fought back in what has become known as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. The Jewish resistance fighters held out against the entire Nazi regime for 28 days, longer than many European countries had been able to withstand Nazi conquest. Concentration Camps Although many people refer to all Nazi camps as concentration camps, there were actually a number of different kinds of camps, including concentration camps, extermination camps, labor camps, prisoner-of-war camps, and transit camps. One of the first concentration camps was in Dachau, in southern Germany. It opened on March 20, 1933. From 1933 until 1938, most of the people held in concentration camps were political prisoners and people the Nazis labeled as asocial. These included the disabled, the homeless, and the mentally ill. After Kristallnacht in 1938, the persecution of Jews became more organized. This led to the exponential increase in the number of Jews sent to concentration camps. Life within Nazi concentration camps was horrible. Prisoners were forced to do hard physical labor and given little food. Prisoners slept three or more to a crowded wooden bunk; bedding was unheard of. Torture within the concentration camps was common and deaths were frequent. At a number of concentration camps, Nazi doctors conducted medical experiments on prisoners against their will. Death Camps While concentration camps were meant to work and starve prisoners to death, extermination camps (also known as death camps) were built for the sole purpose of killing large groups of people quickly and efficiently. The Nazis built six extermination camps, all in Poland: Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz, and Majdanek. Prisoners transported to these extermination camps were told to undress so they could shower. Rather than a shower, the prisoners were herded into gas chambers and killed. Auschwitz was the largest concentration and extermination camp built. It is estimated that 1.1 million people were killed at Auschwitz.

corporate governance - 1590 Words

Table of Contents ç› ®Ã¥ ½â€¢ Executive Summary: Corporate governance is an essential part of modern company operations and management , it relates to business ethics, code of conduct and system to manage a company. However, there are many corporate scandals due to the failure of corporate governance. This report analyzes the corporate governance from multiple aspects. It is through the understanding the relationship between corporate governance and business ethics, evaluating the ASX principles as a guidelines to corporate governance and analyzing the National Australia Bank’s corporate governance. ASX principles referring to problems such as business ethics, code of conduct, diversity and risk management are explained with analyzing†¦show more content†¦The ASX gives some detailed suggestions for the rules, such as board and senior executives should make a commitment to the code of conduct, and explain how the company copes with practical and possible conflict of interest. These suggestions allow corporation execu tives know more detailed information about how to make a promote ethical and responsible decision(ASX2010, pp22-25). 3.2 Principle 4—Oversight corporation operation with an audit committee Corporations should set up an effective audit committee to oversight the company operation. If company lack of an effective governance mechanism will lead to manager’s corruption. There is a conflict interests and a lack of surveillance of management by the audit committee contributed to the Enron collapse in 2001(Li,2010,p37). ASX gives some recommendations about how to make up an effective audit committee. An effective audit committee should be constituted all of non-executive directors ,a majority of them are independent directors, and there are at least there members. These ways can effectively improve the quality of financial report, establish an honest atmosphere, and improve the confidence of public to financial report’s truth and objectivity. An effective audit committee also should have a formal charter to more competently perform the audit committee’s duties(ASX,2010,pp26-28). These recommendations make corporate governance under oversight to take a mor e ethical operation. 3.3 Principle 7—RiskShow MoreRelatedCorporate Governance976 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Governance Corporate Governance is the relationship between the shareholders, directors, and management of a company, as defined by the corporate character, bylaws, formal policies and rule laws. The corporate governance system was designed to help oversee the decisions and best interest of the shareholders. The system should works accordingly: The shareholders elect directors, who in turn hire management to make the daily executive decisions on the owner s behalf. The company sRead MoreCorporate Governance2313 Words   |  10 PagesOne.Tel and its corporate governance issues Table of contents Introduction One.Tel collapse Impact of One.tel collapse Legal proceedings against One.tel’s directors Things can be learnt from One.tel’s failure Conclusion Introduction Lack of proper corporate governance can be a disaster for campanies. In recent years, major Australian companies such as HIH, One.tel and Harris Scarfe failed under dramatic and high profile circumstances. As a result, executive and non executive directorsRead MoreFinancial Governance And Corporate Governance1746 Words   |  7 Pagesdepth analysis of RBS’s corporate governance failure, in order to provide the reader with the appreciation of the key role that corporate governance plays in successful businesses and in social welfare. The RBS scandal is a perfect illustration of weak corporate governance and failure of checks and balances by the required institutions which inflates from the UK government to Auditing companies. The main objective of such report is to directly address the RBS corporate governance scandal which affectedRead MoreCorporate Management : Corporate Governance Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesChapter-1 Introduction to Corporate Governance 1.1 Introduction Corporate Governance is a buzz word in the business world. It is envisioned to enhance the accountability of a concern and to evade huge disasters before they occur. The concept of corporate governance dived to global attention after the sudden crashes of Enron, World Com, Xerox, Lehman Brothers, Parmalat, Satyam etc. The failure of these colossal business houses horrified the corporate world with their unethical and unlawfulRead MoreCorporate Governance And Corporate Management803 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Governance Principles Corporate governance is the relationship between many individuals participating in trying to determine the direction and the performance of organizations. Some of the functions of the corporate governance are managing subsidiaries, lobbying, disclosures, corporate policies and procedures. The corporate governance is also responsible for working with investors on a range of governance issues to facilitate and open dialogue between the company and its shareholders. CorporateRead MoreCorporate Governance And Corporate Management1527 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Corporate governance is the relationship of large quantity participants of the corporations. Those participants usually occupy the important positionsï ¼Å'which determine the performance and strategy of the corporations. The participants include shareholders and stakeholders, the company’s management that led by CEO, and the board (Robert and Nell, 2001). This definition showed different perspectives of corporate governance. First, corporate governance almost concentrate on the top managementRead MoreThe Concept Of Corporate Governance1100 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper #4: The Concept of Corporate Governance Lionell C. Henderson Northwood University MBA 664: Satisfying Shareholders Spring 2015 – Evening Adam Guerrero, PhDâ€Æ' Adam Guerrero, PhD This was a very interesting article, in my opinion it brings to mind the derived phrase, which came first the chicken or the egg. Meaning, is corporate governance an attempt to control the results of unethical practices of corporations or is it meant to deter them. In reading this article, it is clearRead MoreCorporate Governance Of A Company1306 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Corporate governance, according to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), is ‘the system by which businesses are directed and controlled.’† (cited in Britton Waterston, 2010, p.235) Corporate governance of a company maintains the welfare of the stakeholders in an organisation. Stakeholders are people who are directly affected by the company’s actions and consequences, such as the directors, managers, employees, auditors, and shareholders. Executive compensation is anRead MoreCorporate Governance Of The Market Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy of corporate governance of the U.S market must consider the shareholder’s efforts to force the board of management to respond to the rights and wishes of stakeholders (Demb and Neubauer, 1992). The long history of shareholder activism in U.S can be traced back from 1930’s. Investors of U.S firms have raised their voice to involve in decision-making in companies, or at least to be kept along with any decision taken. Shareholder activism has globally become a major corporate governance phenomenonRead MoreThe Corporate Governance Of Walmart1195 Words   |  5 Pagesits success firstly is come from the outstanding players of the corporate governance such as Board of directors and Activist Shareholders. These all creative and responsible leaders are required to possess ability for risk-taking willingness and control in order to govern company. In addition, the activist shareholders actively raise their voice in the policies and strategies’ approval. All in all, the excellent co rporate governance they made ensures an accountable and integrity system operated.

Impacts of Service-Learning on College Students Essay

The functional area of service-learning is currently emerging as an acknowledged department at an institution of higher education. The theoretical roots of service learning go back to John Dewey, and the early twentieth century. However, current research on service-learning pedagogy dates back only to the early 1990’s. Best practices for the field are still being created as more and more new offices are springing up on campuses throughout the United States and institutions internationally. The reason this functional area is becoming ever popular is due to the positive impact it has on students and most all educational outcomes. Service-learning is considered both academic and co-curricular. Academic service learning is credit bearing†¦show more content†¦The biggest impact is with the students’ civic engagement. However, outcomes of service- learning do not end there. Outcomes of service-learning range from academic to moral to life skills and all outcomes that fall within (Eyler Giles, 1999). Academic Outcomes Some of the academic based outcomes of college that are impacted by service-learning include knowledge application, content understanding, critical thinking, and even grade point average. Astin and Sax (1998) identified ten academic outcomes affected by service participation, and all ten were positively affected by service. In their study, grade point average, retention, aspirations for educational degrees, graduate school prep, general knowledge, discipline knowledge, time devoted to studying, extra credit, and faculty contact all showed varying increases due to service participation. Eyler and Giles (1999) discuss how students in their study perceived themselves to identify social issues easier due to service-learning participation, which is the first step in critical thinking ability. Students were also more likely to think critically about these social issues when their service was linked to a particular social problem. There is little research connected to critical thinking and service learning, but the small amount that there is indicates some increases in critical thinking ability. Students who participated inShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography of Articles on Service Learning839 Words   |  3 PagesService Learning Annotated Bibliography American Association of Community Colleges. (2011). Service Learning. HYPERLINK http://www.aacc.nche.edu www.aacc.nche.edu. The source offered by the American Association of Community Colleges (AACC) details the growing emphasis on service learning in higher-education contexts. Particularly, the source offers a number of statistical figures indicating that 60% of all community colleges offer some comprehensive form of service-learning curriculum. ThisRead MoreImportance Of Community College Oss892 Words   |  4 PagesAlison Mahfouz Bergen Community College 400 Paramus Road, Paramus, NJ 07652 Ciarco Campus: 355 Main Street, Hackensack, NJ 07601 Lyndhurst Campus:1280 Wall Street West, Lyndhurst, NJ 070701 Jennifer E. Flynn, M.A., Coordinator, jflynn@bergen.edu, Office of Specialized Services, Room L-119 B,Tel: (201) 493-3778 Two-year community college The OSS services about 10% of the student population. Accommodations may include one or more of the following:Extended Time for Test Taking, Use of CalculatorRead MoreDeveloping An Outcomes Based Assessment Plan For A Student Programming Board752 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature: This section will discuss the importance of building a culture of evidence in student affairs and will examine best practices for developing an outcomes-based assessment plan for a student programming board. The term â€Å"culture of evidence† refers to a commitment among student affairs professionals to use hard data to show how the programs they offer, the processes they implement, and the services they provide are effective and contribute significantly to an institution s ability to reachRead MoreThe Importance Of Student Achievement1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s society, it is important that all students are provided with the opportunity to receive a quality education. The focus on improved student achievement places pressure on educators to research and find ways for students to acquire needed skills to become academically successful in the classroom setting. One of the biggest challenges for educators is to explore ways for the low performing students to meet the established levels of achievement. This process requires a commitment from allRead More Service Learning in College Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesService Learning in College Service learning provides college students with a whole new method of learning. This type of learning provides a student with an experience outside of the classroom in their area of concentration. Emily Knab, a college student at the University of Miami, has experienced service learning and found it very beneficial in her area of interest. Emily is studying education and wants to become a teacher in the future. She performed her service learning atRead MorePedagogical Journal Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesto pilot the service-learning/community-based teaching student evaluation of teaching and learning (SET) instrument we have developed through the Center for Civic Engagement and the Center for Service-Learning. My long-term goal is to strive to have all of my scholarly work contribute to social and educational innovations that benefit humanity and support the sustainability of our fragile planet. Appendix B: Photos of Advising, Teaching, Research, Service Civic Engagement c. Service to the SchoolRead MoreStatement Of Service To The School Of Management And To Nazareth University904 Words   |  4 Pagesc. Service to the School of Management and to Nazareth College: Organizational Citizenship Entrepreneurial Efforts I have served the College and the SoM in a variety of roles. Within the College I have served on both elected and appointed committees and other â€Å"entrepreneurial efforts† through ad hoc committees and in consultation roles. Examples of the latter include the College 2020 taskforce and co-convener of the nascent social innovation group (See C.V. for a complete listing). My most enduringRead MoreBenefits Of A University College1061 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity colleges create a seamless transition between one point in life (typically high school) and another (the collegiate academic environment). Students should feel higher levels of attachment to the institution, their faculty, fellow students, and the learning environment because the institution is investing into a model of student-centered ideas and actions. More importantly, such student-centered decisions are linked to educationally purposeful activities that affect student engagement.Read MoreThe Greatest Challeng e For American Higher Education1582 Words   |  7 Pagessuccess of developmental education students. Having a postsecondary degree is often the difference between having a career and living comfortably or holding a minimum wage job and struggling to make ends meet. Gabriel (2008), reports that nearly half of higher education students do not have the necessary skills needed in reading to perform successfully and faculty insist these students are not prepared. Community colleges plays a pivotal role in education and give students the opportunity to sharpen theirRead MoreComparing The Philosophies Of The Institutions1338 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity 2016 The Division of Student Affairs Enrollment Management supports student academic and personal success through strategic recruitment and retention initiatives. The Division makes efforts to ensure student welfare and provide opportunities for engagement, leadership, and services that promote persistence through the collegiate experience in preparation for the entirety of their lives.† â€Å"According to Northern Illinois University 2016 Inspire students to discover and pursue their aspirations

A Beautiful Mind a Case Study Essay - 1714 Words

Running head: A BEAUTIFUL MIND 1 A Beautiful Mind: A Case Study A BEAUTIFUL MIND 2 Diagnostic Impression: Axis I 295.30 Schizophrenia, Paranoid Type, Continuous Axis II V71.09 No Diagnosis Axis III None Axis IV Psychosocial and Educational Stressors Axis V GAF = 55 (highest level in past 30 years) Case Study: John Nash suffers from Paranoid Schizophrenia. He is a gifted mathematician who began graduate school at Princeton University in 1947. We will begin Mr. Nash’s history from this point in time, for it is here that his symptoms first began to emerge. During this time in his life he is in what is known as the prodromal phase of schizophrenia, which is a period before active†¦show more content†¦In 1953, Mr. Nash was summoned to the pentagon to help decipher intercepted Russian messages, and it was upon leaving that he first noticed a mysterious man by the name of William Parcher, who is actually another hallucination. Parcher later approaches Mr. Nash at night and takes him to what appears to be a code breaker lab set up in an old warehouse. It is here that he is asked if he will help the Department of Defense by deciphering codes in certain newspapers and periodicals, at which time a devise is implanted into his arm. However, this entire experience is nothing more than an elaborate delusion and hallucination. Mr. Nash accepts this assignment, and gradually he becomes completely fixated on doing nothing except code extraction. Around this same time he is asked to dinner by one of his students, Alicia, whom he is almost immediately intrigued by. It is while on this date that his delusional content shifts. Up to this point, his delusions and hallucinations had, for the most part, played into his grandiosity, however, this night, a persecutory theme emerges, as he notices suspicious men watching him. He continues to see Alicia, while at the same time remaining engrossed in his secret life of code breaking and paranoia. Mr. Nash eventually asks Alicia to marry him, and at the ceremony he sees Parcher parked across the street watching him. Not long after this, while making a package drop-off, a frantic Parcher, who informs him that theyShow MoreRelatedBeautiful Mind Case Study754 Words   |  4 Pagestouch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). The thematic presence of paranoid schizophrenia in Sylvia Nasar’s â€Å"Beautiful Mind† resonates as a case study regarding this disorder. The lead character, John Forbes Nash, Jr. has always had intelligence on his side. He took the fast track academically and was a well-known laurate. There are several things that comes with brilliance, itRead MoreEssay on A Beautiful Mind: Case Study of Schizophrenia1118 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† movie is based on the case study of real life mathematician John Nash who suffered from schizophrenia. The aspects of schizophrenia affected John Nash in many ways. Ethics is defined in the textbook as, â€Å"Are the tools or behaviors that one employs to achieve a desired outcome. Means can be either good or bad. Ends are those outcomes that one desires to achieve†(Polgar Thomas, 2008). The movies case study, include the sign and symptoms, social effects and treatment of schizophreniaRead MoreMessage Appeals Used in Advertising1303 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Message Appeals would you use for the following Products? Design One Liner Punch lines: 1. Study Table in Household. 2. Cosmetic Surgery. Message Appeals: Berknan and Gilson Defined advertising appeals as an attempt at creativity that inspires consumers motives for purchase and affects consumer’s attitude towards a specific product or service. Message appeals are used in Advertising Messages to draw the consumer’s attention to his or her, own unmet needs and desires. Appeals can beRead MoreLife Is Beautiful : How Can Life Be Beautiful?1319 Words   |  6 PagesLife is Beautiful Part of the human existence is questioning the purpose of our being. Constantly bombarded by emotions of love and joy paralleled by relentless hate and depression may create a war of confusion in our own minds. Though our minds face this confusion in processing these emotions to better understand life in its complexity, there is a common expression stating that life is beautiful. Though, the common expression says that life is beautiful. How can life be beautiful when presentingRead MoreIs Theology A Religion?1625 Words   |  7 Pages Thielicke begins by pointing out how many ordinary Christians have a strong prejudice against theology, warning those who study it about being corrupted by their unbelieving and godless professors (3). He explains that while it may be easy for a young theologian to brush these sorts of concerns off as naive and uninitiated. However, Thielicke maintains that the young theologian ought to carefully consider them. For if it is true that theology has n othing to do with the common people then thereRead MoreFilm Analysis : A Beautiful Mind1564 Words   |  7 PagesA Beautiful Mind (Grazer, Howard, Howard, 2001) is a film about the life of John Nash Jr. John Nash was a mathematician studying at Princeton University on a Carnegie Scholarship in 1947. The film portrays Nash’s academic journey, career, and personal life. As an adult, John Nash was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is classified as an emotional or behavioral low-incidence disorder disorder (Smith Tyler, 2010, p. 234). According to Smith and Tyler, about 1% of the general populationRead MoreSeizures and the Brain1084 Words   |  4 Pagesto be released, and thus cause an excess of dopamine in the body (Davidson, G., et al, 2008). Also, studies have shown that an increase in dopamine generally exacerbate schizophrenic symptoms (Davis, K., Kahn, R., Ko, G Davidson, M., 1991). Studies have shown that antipsychotic medications which suppress dopamine ac tivity have been found effective in reducing or eliminating symptoms in many cases of schizophrenia (Bemak Epp, 2002). Through reducing dopamine levels through antipsychotic drug treatmentRead MoreThe Age Of Reason By Thomas Paine Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesno matter what the faith or the source of the belief: â€Å"I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church, by the Roman church, by the Greek church, by the Turkish church, by the Protestant church, nor by any church that I know of. My own mind is my own church. All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian, or Turkish, appear to me no other than human inventions, set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit.† (page 654) Paine believes that allRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Legally Blonde 800 Words   |  4 PagesCritique of â€Å"Legally Blonde† â€Å"Legally Blonde† is a wonderful musical because the colorful scenes gives audience a visual enjoyment, and the beautiful music gives them a fresh acoustic experience. â€Å"Legally Blonde† is presented by Performance Riverside and RCC Fine Performing Arts. It is directed and choreographed by Roger Castellano, and the musical director is Dennis Castellano. I went to watch this great show, which was performed at RCC’s Landis Performing Arts Center, on September 27,2014 atRead More Diet Pills Essay examples1010 Words   |  5 PagesToday In todays materialistic driven society, people are judged in every possible aspect. From their appearance, background, social status, way or thinking to their friends, families. The need to be accepted and admired by others captivates the minds of many men and women of today. This conquest for social acceptance becomes so real that the idea then becomes an obsession. The way we look plays a big role in our lives. It determines the way others see us and from that, it will then determine

Marijuana Tax Act Free Essays

Marijuana was declared an illegal drug in the USA with the passing of the Marijuana Tax Act in 1937 under dubious circumstances. 1 Since that time numerous studies have shown that the drug is less harmful than tobacco and alcohol. Despite the available evidence and the enormous cost of enforcing the marijuana ban, it is hard to understand why this relatively harmless drug continues to remain illegal in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Marijuana Tax Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay argues why marijuana should be decriminalized without further delay. Opponents of legalizing marijuana contend that it is a dangerous drug; this is far from the truth. For example, there has not been a single recorded case of death due to marijuana overdose. On the other hand, a legal intoxicant like alcohol results in the death of about 5,000 persons every year due to overdose. The reason for this is that the ratio of cannabinoids2 necessary for intoxication is 40,000:1 while that for alcohol is generally between 4:1 and 10:1. (â€Å"Answers To†¦ ,† 2005) As such marijuana is one of the least toxic substances and would have to be consumed in physically impossible quantities to prove fatal. As for the health effects of marijuana, a World Health Organization (WHO) Study, which was scheduled to be published in December 1997 but was suppressed by its top management due to political pressure, had reported that Cannabis fared better than alcohol and nicotine in five out of seven comparisons of long-term damage to health. (Concar, 1998) In terms of addictiveness too, most studies show that marijuana was less addictive than alcohol, nicotine and caffeine. (Quoted in â€Å"Study Compares†¦ ,† 1994) A common myth about marijuana is that it acts as a ‘gateway’ drug, i. . , marijuana use leads to use of harder drugs such as heroin or cocaine. This theory is disproved by the fact that after the legalizing of marijuana in Holland in the 1970s, heroin and cocaine use declined markedly, despite a slight increase in marijuana use. If the ‘gateway’ theory were true, the use of hard drugs should have gone up rather than down. (â€Å"Answers to†¦ † 2005) Other charges against marijuana, based mainly on prejudiced and unreliable studies, are that it contributes to an escalation in crime and is responsible for increased driving accidents. The linkage between marijuana and crime is absolutely false because, if anything, marijuana actually lessens aggressiveness in the user. Only â€Å"driving under the influence of marijuana† could be hazardous but it is far less problematic as drunken driving. (Ibid. ) Enforcing the ban against marijuana in the US costs the tax payers as much as $ 12 billion annually; it also diverts the energies of the law enforcing agencies that would be better served in fighting the spiraling crime rates in the country’s cities. This is reflected in the fact that there have been nearly 6. 5 million marijuana arrests in the United States since 1993,3 far exceeding the total number of arrests for all violent crimes combined, including murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. (â€Å"Marijuana Prohibition Facts,† 2004) Apart from the ‘direct’ estimated cost of $ 12 billion that would be saved by legalizing marijuana, the government would also be able to collect a considerable amount of money by way of taxes. Moreover, de-criminalizing of the drug would eliminate much of the underground criminal network in the country that gives rise to numerous social problems such as spreading corruption and graft among the law enforcing agencies. It is unfortunate that policy makers and law enforcers have failed to learn the lessons of Prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s when a similar ban against alcohol had escalated crime to astronomical levels and deprived the government of much needed tax revenue. It would, therefore, not be wrong to conclude that the rationale behind the continuing criminalization of marijuana is based on false premises and difficult to defend. Most scientific studies have conclusively shown that marijuana is a far less harmful drug than alcohol and tobacco. The cost of enforcing the existing harsh laws against marijuana possession is unnecessary and diverts the attention of the American justice system, which would be better served in fighting violent crime and terrorism. As such, there is no reason why marijuana should not be legalized forthwith. How to cite Marijuana Tax Act, Essay examples

Accounting System in Australian Banks-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss how the Information Technology has affected the Accounting System in Australian Banks? Answer: Literature Review Introduction Banking industry is the heart of every strong economy and IT and communication is an inherent part of banking. To cope up with the development on a global scale, modify the system of customer service delivery, lessen the cost of transaction, Australian banks have started investing to implement information and communication technology. Adopting the implementation of ICT has been beneficial for providing a wide range of services and goods. Developing the information and communication technology tools has a notable effect on the development of customer- friendly banking services. Due to globalization and competition in the banking industry by the service providers it has become necessary to understand the aspect of customer behavior after responding to the customer service delivery. This paper reflects the review of the previous researchers to analyze the impact of information and communication technology on the accounting system. Customer service and satisfaction are the prime factors of this research along with the impact of banks performance and delivery of customer service in the banking sector is a wide area. While, the areas related to the customer point of view are considered to be less debatable (Asongu, 2014). Background To understand and scrutinize the impact of the information and communication technology on the performance of the Australian bank, the researcher reviewed several journals, literature and articles regarding the subject. Due to the recent competition and globalization banks these days have started offering 24 hours of services but still there arises question about safety and inconvenience. Information and communication technology tends to offer the services like reducing of payroll expenses and increasing the market share along with the profit and revenue. The crisis situation has lead to reduction in income of the banks and strategic responses are also hampered. The trend of internal cost cutting, accusation and mergers seem to alter the shape of banking industry. The paper shows if the banks have had enough income and providing high quality services. It finds out the significance and impact on the performance of the bank and the delivery of customer service. The important issues tha t can help in preventing the customers from facing inconvenience are ease of use and being compatible with the life style (Gossart, 2015). Aim and objectives The aim of this research is to identify the characteristic of the customers in contemporary banking industry, find out the factors influencing the service availability of customers after adopting ICT and to analyze the strategies that can help in reducing the challenges faced by the Australian banks. Role of ICT in Banking Whenever there is any crisis the bank suffers insufficiency. Improvised information and communication technology which is supported by a better control of mechanism is needed to convince that information and communication technology has attained the necessary process of insufficiency. A review of some literature by researchers showed that information and communication technology or ICT might have a negative impact on the efficiency of banks and lead to a decrease in productivity. As ICT has become modernized, there is outstanding improvement in the overall procedure of the banks. Development of the banks worldwide has decreased the value and transfer of global funds. Such banks that use ICT related products like information exchange, electronic payments, security investments, online banking and financial organizations can provide the best quality of customer services with much lesser effort (Heeks, Subramanian Jones, 2015). The two beneficial outcomes for the merging of ICT and bank s performance are- ICT is responsible for lowering the operational cost of banks. For example, internet facilities in banks have sped up their system and have accomplished standard value with extra transaction like payment of bills and enquiring about balance through online. ICT can also help in promotion of transaction among customers who are in the same network. ICT has totally amended the shape and size of competition in the banking sector. According to some researcher it is claimed that the positive impacts of ICT expenses to business value are approved. The interest of network effect is remarkable in using the ATMs or Automated Teller Machines. The influence of the evolution of ICT on the cost effectiveness and profit of the banking sector within a time period, describes the relationship between the usage of ICT, cost savings and productivity. ICT or information communication technology has a large impact on the level of firm. It is determined that IT capital contributes to 81% of increase in output and non IT capital contributes to 6%. In the same way it is elucidated that information system professionals are more than double the productivity of the non information system professionals (Holtgrewe, 2014). Challenges of IT application The significant changes in banking sector have forced them to improvise their services and strategies. The primary challenge faced by the banks are to hold on to advancing ICT for creating and retaining long term relationship with customers by adopting new techniques that help in electronic banking. The review has showed that ICTs are an appropriate medium for operation of banking activities with the customers because of saving cost and the speed at which information is disseminated. Global banking industry is the most updated industry with respect to the usage of mobile and internet technologies. Most of the countries, especially the developing ones are yet to embrace the technologies (Khan Fasih, 2014). Due to this reason both the banks and the customers are likely to face hurdles. There are certain factors which indicate that banking sector can use their self- service technologies for building relationships. The infrastructure of Australian banks is another challenge faced by the m which should be better in order to serve the customers better. Their need to associate for new technological equipments will provide a standard service on part of the banks. They also need to improve their IT system and develop the operational activities of the bank. There is a need for them to modify the contemporary telecommunication infrastructure. Governments and the Australian citizens need to be more aware for gaining long term investments in the telecommunication industry. They should also emphasize on the maintenance of the previous infrastructure and the equipments (Moradi-Motlagh Babacan, 2015). Consumers behavior Consumer behavior is such a characteristic that needs regular observation. Standard of living, urbanization, increase in awareness, deregulation, globalization, has resulted in the increase of preference change which has forced the banks to change their original features of products and the customer service delivery. Observing and studying consumer behavior is necessary in the banking sector to know about the needs and wants of the customers so that the services can be offered accordingly. Customers have their demand in a specific segment and banks need to study their characteristic in order to meet that specific demand (Salahuddin, Alam Ozturk, 2016). Research questions To what extent has IT affected the financial performance of Australian banks? To what extent the use of IT has helped the employees of Australian banks in their operational activities? Methods of analysis The research could be done with a proper plan and methodology by collecting secondary data. It refers to the data collected from the journals, books or articles of the previous researches. For the successful completion of the research both primary and secondary data needs to be collected. But in this research only secondary data needs to be collected which will the researcher to go through the articles, books, journal that has already been published (Sassi Goaied, 2013). Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Selection of topic Literature review Methodology Secondary data collection Interpretation and analysis Recommendation Conclusion Final submission Table 1: Gantt chart Source: As created by the author Conclusion Banking sector is the main platform on which every economy stands. There are various challenges like competition, deregulation, globalization, and an increasingly high cost for installation of ICT and their maintenance. Utilizing of ICT can help in reducing the cost but the impact on the profitability is indecisive due to the possible outcome of ICT. The feasible result arises because of the consistency in an increasing demand for skilled labor, high expectation from the customers end to meet the service delivery, truthfulness of the information system and competence in the financial services. This assignment has focused on some reviews from the literature where the authors did not find ICT, for delivering customer service and profitable for banks financial performance. Moreover, there are studies that state that as a result of the risk of security, lack of awareness, lack of convenience or comfort or age factor or may be some other reasons are responsible for rejection by the custom ers. In spite of these factors, banks sometimes are unable to provide high quality customer services due to which customers who were ready to adopt the new system moved back. Banks sometimes failed to build up the required electronic system for customers which made them shift away from the new innovation. References Asongu, S. A. (2014). Knowledge economy and financial sector competition in African countries.African Development Review,26(2), 333-346. Gossart, C. (2015). Rebound effects and ICT: a review of the literature. InICT innovations for sustainability(pp. 435-448). Springer, Cham. Heeks, R., Subramanian, L., Jones, C. (2015). Understanding e-waste management in developing countries: Strategies, determinants, and policy implications in the Indian ICT sector.Information Technology for Development,21(4), 653-667. Holtgrewe, U. (2014). New new technologies: the future and the present of work in information and communication technology.New technology, work and employment,29(1), 9-24. Khan, M. M., Fasih, M. (2014). Impact of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from Banking Sector.Pakistan Journal of Commerce Social Sciences,8(2). Moradi-Motlagh, A., Babacan, A. (2015). The impact of the global financial crisis on the efficiency of Australian banks.Economic Modelling,46, 397-406. Salahuddin, M., Alam, K., Ozturk, I. (2016). Is rapid growth in Internet usage environmentally sustainable for Australia? An empirical investigation.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,23(5), 4700-4713. Sassi, S., Goaied, M. (2013). Financial development, ICT diffusion and economic growth: Lessons from MENA region.Telecommunications Policy,37(4), 252-261. Shahiduzzaman, M., Alam, K. (2014). The long-run impact of Information and Communication Technology on economic output: The case of Australia.Telecommunications Policy,38(7), 623-633. Soja, P., Cunha, P. R. D. (2015). ICT in transition economies: narrowing the research gap to developed countries. Stromquist, N. P., Monkman, K. (Eds.). (2014).Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education. Tarut?, A., Gatautis, R. (2014). ICT impact on SMEs performance.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,110, 1218-1225.

Role of Bio Char in Improving Plant Biomass-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Role of Bio Char In Improving Plant Biomass And Reducing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum In Canola. Answer: Introduction Canola is a popular crop in Western Australia, which is grown primarily for the production of edible oil. However, its purpose varies on the level+s of production. Its by-product is crushed and fed to livestock. There is growing demand for Canola oil worldwide due to its low concentration in acidic fats. For economic reasons, farmers apply various strategies to control weeds, diseases and improve the productivity of canola(Agric.wa.gov.au, 2017). Researchers are always developing a new hybrid variety with improved quality and quantity of production. Several diseases attack Canola at different stages of growth. The severity of attack depends on the crop variety and its exposure to pathogens and the climatic conditions (Mihajlovi? et al., 2017). For example, regions experiencing high unseasoned rainfall or extreme temperatures have high incidences of fungal infections in plants. If colon producers are aware of the associated risks, they would formulate strategic management methods and probably consider adopting a more economically integrated approach such as the application of bio char in pathogen control and improvement of plant biomass. Problem of the Study Two key problems affecting farm productivity today is soil fertility and pests. Growing crops on a single piece of land often lead to a decline in production due to depletion of nutrients in the soil (Li et al., 2012). To overcome this challenge, mankind came up with the idea of synthetic fertilizers to replenish fertility of the soil and ensure continued production of the land. However, continuous use of synthetic fertilizers has its own consequences to the soil and the biodiversity. For instance, synthetic fertilizers lower the pH leading to increase in acidity of the soil (Sebilo et al, 2013). In the end, it results in the death of micro-organisms which cannot survive at a lower pH, and in turn reduced crop productivity. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is known to cause white mold disease to the plant and has proved difficult to eliminate (Miklas et al., 2015). Eliminating this pathogen causes incurring substantial costs in terms of controlling it, which eats into the profitability in the case of commercial farms. In some cases, farmers may incur losses due to this pathogen; therefore, it is a relief to find that bio char can be used to control it. It is imperative to note that continued presence of this pathogen is a threat to food security not only in Western Australia but also the whole territory. Furthermore, it is a threat at the doorstep that requires being handled with a sense of urgency in order to save the food basket of Western Australia. White mold, a disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious disease as it can affect the crop at any stage of growth (Kabbage, Williams Dickman, 2013). With this behavior, it can be deduced that the disease requires constant monitoring until the crops h ave been harvested. This phenomenon implies that the farmers woes could be high if the occurrence of the pathogen recurred during the growing cycle of the crops. A heavy infestation of the pathogen on the farm could mean that the farmer would not only go hungry by also without a source of income. The study aimed at providing more insight on ways bio char can be used in reducing the impact of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum menace and promoting plant biomass. Having a clear overview of the roles of bio char could not only help in promoting food security but also farmers standards of living in Western Australia. According to Garnett et al., (2013), having stable food security is essential for economic development and food self-reliance. The fact that Western Australia is the breadbasket of the nation asserts the urgency of this study since any effect on food production in this region would have a direct impact on the country, Australia. It is worth noting that the impact of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum goes just beyond the crops; thus, affecting other agricultural sectors too. For instance, infestation by the pathogen on agricultural crops suchlike animal feeds could affect livestock production in the region where the effect is like a chain of reactions. The fact that bio char has the pot ential to increase agricultural production was an indication of an information gap. This study aimed to fill the information gap by seeking out to provide more insight on how bio char can be used in improving soil fertility and control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogen. Control steps of the Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogen can only be controlled but not eliminated using biological, cultural and chemical measures (Kabbage, Williams Dickman, 2013). Some of these control methods require a considerable amount of time in controlling the pathogen while others are done in an instant. In controlling the pathogen, it is important to first analyze the extent of the infestation to allow for selection of appropriate control measures. Doing this will increase the likelihood of success in the control measure employed and reducing the risk of the pathogen spreading. It is imperative to note that the most effective way of control this pathogen is through the integration of the three control methods. Farmers need to keep farming records about Sclerotinia disease so that if affected they can select the most appropriate control method. Biological Control Methods The affected plant parts can be isolated and taken to a controlled area where they can be air-dried to eliminate Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogen. It involves the collection of sclerotinia from the affected plants and the soil (Alvarez et al., 2012). Furthermore, it involves the use of special types of fungi such as Gliocladiumroseum, Trichodermaviride, Coniothyriumminitans, Sporodesmium sclerotivorum, and Gliocladiumvirens. Here, the mycoparasitic fungi help in controlling the pathogen through the destruction of the Sclerotia thus, killing Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. Besides, it inhibits the pathogen from forming new sclerotia. Sclerotiniasclerotiorum pathogen can also be controlled using parasites Coniothyriumminitans and Trichoderma spp. They control the pathogen through secreting -1,3glucanase; this works through degradation and shredding of sclerotial tissues in Sclerotinia (Guyon et al., 2012). However, for this to yield optimal results, there must be warmers temperatures and an optimal level of humidity. Bio char also helps in control of Sclerotiniasclerotiorum pathogen as it triggers the crops systemic responses to fungal diseases such as sclerotinia Cultural Control Methods Cultural methods incorporate two control strategies which include putting the pathogen under a condition that it cannot survive or physically killing it (Peltier et al., 2012). For instance, some of the farmers prefer burning their field as a way of controlling the pathogen. Such a method is attributed to the fact that the pathogen cannot survive under conditions of high temperature. It is worthy to note that the effectiveness of this method is dependent on the cooperation among farmers in the region affected, in this case, the Western Australia. Other cultural methods that can be effective in control of the pathogen include ensuring proper field sanitation through weeding and proper spacing of the crops. Ventilation is important to allow for free movement of air in the farm, in turn, eliminating humid conditions which are a perfect spreading ground for the pathogen. One should also ensure that the crops with hanging foliar should be supported with wire trellis to raise them from the ground. Since Sclerotiniasclerotiorum pathogen can stay in the soil for up to 5 years, farmers can grow more tolerant crops and/or apply biofumigant green manure to prevent the accumulation of the paste in the soil (Xie and Ghabrial, 2012). Such a process could involve crop rotation where the farmer shifts planting susceptible crops to the unaffected field. However, this method is limited if the infestation of the pathogen is spread across a whole region. Chemical control methods The most desirable chemical method of controlling Sclerotiniasclerotiorum pathogen is through fumigation. Fumigation is aimed at lowering the levels of inoculum present in the soil. Chemical control is also carried out on established crops where chemicals such as Fluazinam and procymidone have proved to be very effective in the control of sclerotinia (Sumida et al., 2015). It is imperative to note that the effectiveness of control of the pathogen using chemical methods varies from one plant to another. Therefore, to increase the likelihood of success, the farmers have to seek chemical control methods suitable for their crops. It should be noted that chemical method is facing some challenges such as pollution of the soil, high cost, and resistance to some chemical controls by Sclerotiniasclerotiorum pathogen. The effectiveness of chemical control approach is dependent on the method of application, volume of water used and timing of the chemical sprays. The ideology behind the volume of water is the depth at which the water shall percolate intothe soil (Tjamos, Papavizas Cook, 2013). Using a small volume of water means that only the top part of the soil shall be fumigated while the lower part remains undisturbed. Conversely, using the optimal amount of water ensures that all areas of the soils are fumigated hence, high effectiveness. During application, care should be taken to ensure that the required volume of water is used to avoid pollution of groundwater and run-off. The use of bio char is another chemical method used in controlling Sclerotiniasclerotiorum pathogen. In this case, the method involves the addition of carbon to the soil which in turn raises the pH of the soil. Pathogens such as Sclerotiniasclerotiorum thrive in acidic soils hence, raising the pH is a measure of providing an unsuitable environment for its spread. Raising the pH is needed for increasing activity of soil microorganisms, some of which are helpful in the control of the pest. Improvement of Agriculture in West Australia using organic approach For decades people have embedded in the application of phosphorus fertilizer on the sandy soil in South Australia. However, the level of PH in the soil seems decreasing season after another. Also, the use of fungicides has prevailed, and the Department of Agriculture and Food reports that most primary producers incorporate adverse chemical applications in agricultural enterprises (Agric.wa.gov.au, 2017). The Department, therefore, raises a concern for implementation of policies to control the use of veterinary and agricultural chemicals which will indirectly minimize the risk of the trade, animal health, and animal welfare. Therefore, the government is institutionalizing licensing, validity of chemical products and noncompliance enforcement strategies (Agric.wa.gov.au, 2017). Persistent global warming effect and the irrational chemical application by the producers have raised concern for government intervention. The discussion below reviews literature to provide insights for the effi ciency of adopting organic approaches in controlling pathogens and plant crop biomass. Production of Bio char Bio char is produced in a similar approach as charcoal, but the difference prevails where the end application is soil amendment. Mitchell, Dalley, and Helleur, (2013), postulate that the product can be prepared following various approaches such as gasification and slow pyrolysis. These procedures in making bio char give it a high Carbon content. In most instances, lignocellulosic materials such as manure, crop residues, and wood can be used to develop the product through a combustion process (Mitchell, Dalley, Helleur, 2013). With optimal observation of standards, the bio char can impound carbon in soils, which substantially improve soil productivity. Recent studies indicate that applying bio char has a range of effect on the soil properties and thus, productivity (Agric.wa.gov.au, 2017; Sumida et al., 2015). For future advancement, the scientists are assessing the best approaches in preparing the bio char. The primary effect of bio char in the soil is increasing water holding capacity and boosting the soil potential in retaining nutrients (Ahmed Schoenau, 2015). It also has oxidation effect when applied to the soil. Additionally, bio char has a hydrophobic nature when freshly prepared and therefore, has a low surface charge. Effect of Bio char on Plant biomass An increasing body of literature suggests that bio char changes the chemical composition of the soil which results in a relative alteration in plant responses in the diverse soil ecosystem. (Kelly et al., 2015; Sumida et al., 2015; Knox et al., 2015).Some scholars differ from others and criticize the technology as a factor for soil degradation. They support an argument that the substance constitutes non-degradable elements which cannot be decomposed by the microbial effect (Ahmad et al., 2015; Alvarez et al., 2012). As a result, they inhibit vital microbial activities such as nitrification and enzyme activities. From different agronomic contributions, it is evident that the effect of bio char might be positive or negative to soil productivity with respect to nutrient retention and water holding capacity. Therefore, it is vital for producers to carry out soil sampling before implementing the technology in various soil types by considering: Soil porosity, bulkiness and grain distribution. Understanding these properties helps the producer enact practical application procedures which contribute to increase in the plant biomass. Mainly, the aspect of microporosity of bio char contributes to greater water retention and soil porosity, soil hydraulic conductivity and available water content (AWC) for plant utilization (Barnes, Gallagher, Masiello, Liu, Dugan, 2014). As a result, the processes support efficient nutrient absorption and utilization hence, improving the plant biomass. Bio char alone has a lower effect on soils in West Australia, but the inclusion of fertilizer indicates improved yield. The soil type in West Australia is sandy and dominated by clay stones. Therefore, the addition of fertilizer would provide essential nutrients such as Nitrogen and Phosphorous. Notably, the effects of bio char on plant germination, productivity and consequently on biomass production varies on the materials used. If producers intend to improve plant biomass using bio char, then they might be obliged to apply fertilizer as a compliment. Particularly, the changes imposed by the bio char have effects on PH and efficiency of nutrient utilization (Knox et al., 2015). It might be of great support to plants life in tropical soils, but prairie soils might require more amendments. Reducing Pathogen In recent years research has been carried out to establish effective methods of controlling pathogens with limited effect on the environment. In this proceeding, the organic control measures such as green manure, compost manure and organic wastes from agro-industries are considered appropriate by both farmers and scientists. Organic amendment in the soil has a suppressive characteristic to both soil borne and airborne pathogens. Among the mostly applied materials, compost manure is broadly studied and identified to have effective control result in regards to pathogens like Sclerotiumspp, Fusariumspp, andRhizoctoniasolani(Ahmad et al., 2014). The organic control of pathogen has a limited practicality where compost manure is identified to cause severity and several side effects by releasing phytotoxic compounds that destroy roots. Biochar effects on the soil have been reported to inhibit survival of pathogens. An experiment by scientists provided that, dry bio char can emit C2H4; wet bio char produce more capacity while the biochar mixed at the ground emit average amount. The research is limited in explaining the mechanism involved in the emission of ethylene from bio char in the soil. This process of emission has a toxification effect to the fungal disease such as Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. However, the research is underperformed to define the extent of emission. Also, studies have reported direct fungitoxic effect where a range of organic compounds, aromatic and aliphatic C compounds are produced (Graber et al., 2014). On the contrary, the use of transgenic plants might be an efficient mechanism in particular pathogen control approaches. Conclusion For decades, relevant studies have been established to determine the role of bio char in improving plant biomass and controlling soil borne diseases. However, the research on bio charin controlling pathogens is still limited and further studies are necessary to establish wide-scaled pathogen control mechanisms. However, the current research avers that bio char is a promising technique which conserves the environment while providing an exceptional experience to the producers. The low-cost demand in implementing this technology has a positive effect on the farmers. Also, its implementation establishes an additional supply of plant nutrients, positive soil harmonization and therefore, a reduced cost in purchasing farm inputs. Most importantly, the agricultural production becomes economically sustainable in a socially responsible environment. References Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Lim, J. E., Zhang, M., Bolan, N., Mohan, D., ... Ok, Y. S.(2014). Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review. Chemosphere, 99, 19-33. Agric.wa.gov.au. (2017).Canola | Agriculture and Food. Retrieved 2nd Oct. 2017 from https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/crops/grains/canola Ahmed, H. P., Schoenau, J. J. (2015). Effects of biochar on yield, nutrient recovery, and soil properties in a canola (Brassica napus L)-wheat (Triticumaestivum L) rotation grown under controlled environmental conditions. BioEnergy Research, 8(3), 1183-1196 Alvarez, F., Castro, M., Prncipe, A., Borioli, G., Fischer, S., Mori, G., Jofre, E. (2012). The plant?associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains MEP218 and ARP23 capable of producing the cyclic lipopeptidesiturin or surfactin and fengycin are effective in biocontrol of sclerotinia stem rot disease. Journal of applied microbiology, 112(1), 159-174. Barnes, R. T., Gallagher, M. E., Masiello, C. A., Liu, Z., Dugan, B. (2014).Biochar-induced changes in soil hydraulic conductivity and dissolved nutrient fluxes constrained by laboratory experiments. PloS one, 9(9), e108340. Garnett, T., Appleby, M. C., Balmford, A., Bateman, I. J., Benton, T. G., Bloomer, P., ...Herrero, M. (2013). Sustainable intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science, 341(6141), 33-34. Graber, E. R., Frenkel, O., Jaiswal, A. K., Elad, Y. (2014). How may biochar influence severity of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens?.Carbon Management, 5(2), 169-183. Guyon, K., Balagu, C., Roby, D., Raffaele, S. (2014). Secretome analysis reveals effector candidates associated with broad host range necrotrophy in the fungal plant pathogen Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. BMC genomics, 15(1), 336. Kabbage, M., Williams, B., Dickman, M. B. (2013). Cell death control: the interplay of apoptosis and autophagy in the pathogenicity of Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. PLoS pathogens, 9(4), e1003287. Kelly, C. N., CaldeRN, F. C., Acosta-martinez, V., Mikha, M. M., Benjamin, J., Rutherford, D. W., Rostad, C. E. (2015). Switchgrassbiochar effects on plant biomass and microbial dynamics in two soils from different regions. Pedosphere, 25(3), 329-342. Knox, O. G. G., Oghoro, C. O., Burnett, F. J., Fountaine, J. M. (2015).Biochar increases soil pH, but is as ineffective as liming at controlling clubroot. Journal of plant pathology, 149-152. Li, P., Dai, C., Wang, X., Zhang, T., Chen, Y. (2012).Variation of soil enzyme activities and microbial community structure in peanut monocropping system in subtropical China.African Journal of agricultural research, 7(12), 1870-1879. Miklas, P. N., Porter, L. D., Kelly, J. D., Myers, J. R. (2013). Characterization of white mold disease avoidance in common bean. European journal of plant pathology, 135(3), 525-543. Mitchell, P. J., Dalley, T. S., Helleur, R. J. (2013).Preliminary laboratory production and characterization of biochars from lignocellulosic municipal waste.Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 99, 71-78. Peltier, A. J., Bradley, C. A., Chilvers, M. I., Malvick, D. K., Mueller, D. S., Wise, K. A., Esker, P. D. (2012). Biology, yield loss and control of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean. Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 3(2), B1-B7. Sebilo, M., Mayer, B., Nicolardot, B., Pinay, G., Mariotti, A. (2013).Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(45), 18185-18189. Sumida, C. H., Canteri, M. G., Peitl, D. C., Tibolla, F., Orsini, I. P., Arajo, F. A., ...Calvos, N. S. (2015). Chemical and biological control of Sclerotinia stem rot in the soybean crop. Cincia Rural, 45(5), 760-766. Tjamos, E. C., Papavizas, G. C., Cook, R. J. (Eds.). (2013). Biological control of plant diseases: progress and challenges for the future (Vol. 230). Springer Science Business Media. Xie, J., Ghabrial, S. A. (2012). Molecular characterizations of two mitoviruses co-infecting a hyovirulent isolate of the plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotiniasclerotiorum. Virology, 428(2), 77-85.